Preface
Chapter 1: Naming Chemicals
Multiplicity of Names
Tradenames
What is the Formula Behind the Tradename?
Names and Alternative Names of Pharmaceuticals
The Color Index
Food, Drug and Cosmetic (FD&C) Colors
Chapter 2: Classification of Chemicals
Classification of Chemicals - What For?
Listing by Chemical Nature - Organic/Inorganic Chemicals
Classification by Price
Bulk Chemicals
Specialties: Composition and Performance Chemicals
Classification by Use
Performance Chemicals
Composition Chemicals
Fine Chemicals
Chapter 3: Formulations
Performance Chemicals, Formulations and Additives
Developing a Formulation
Periferal Aspects in the Preparation of Formulations
Considerations in Composing a Formulation
Motor Oil
Washing Powder
Baking Powder and Leavening Agents
Agrochemical Formulations
Explosives (Dynamite)
Face Powder (Make-Up)
Soft Drinks
Cyanide in Table Salt?! Sugar in Table Salt?!
Chapter 4: Surface Active Materials and Emulsions
Emulsions and Foams - Wanted or Not?
Surface Active Agents
Structural Characteristics of Surfactants
Anionic Surfactants
Cationic Surfactants
Amphoteric Surfactants
Non-Ionic Surfactants
How Does a Surfactant Work?
Some Unique Physical Properties of Surfactants
Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance
Cloud Point
Emulsions
Preparation of Emulsions
Emulsion Stability
Practical Emulsions
Desirable Processes of Emulsion Breaking
Breaking Up Foam
Chapter 5: Specifications and Standards
The Role of Specifications
The Data Sheet
The Typical Specification of an Industrial Chemical
Specifications for Composition Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals
Specifications for Food Chemicals
Specifications for Petroleum Products
Specifications for Plastic Materials
Special Specific Specifications
Specifications Related to Physical Properties
Color
Flash Point
Density of Liquids
Density of Solids
Particle Size
Caking and Free-Flowing
Viscosity
Thixotropy
Specifications Related to the Purity of the Product
The Amount of Active Ingredient (Assay)
Impurities
Determination of Water
Loss on Drying
Salt (or Metal) Impurities
Standards
Standards for Pharmaceuticals
Standards for Food Additives
Standards for Laboratory Reagents
Standards for Electronic Chemicals
Standards for Plastics
Standards for Quality Assurance
European Harmonization
Appendix 1:
A Glossary of Specifications and Test Methods
Chapter 6: The Chemist and Engineering Equipment
Industrial Modus Operandi
Similarity and Difference Between Laboratory and Industrial Equipment
The Choice of Industrial Equipment
The Role of the Chemist in Determination of Production Equipment
Continuous and Batch Processes
Chapter 7: Construction Materials
Relationship Between Construction Materials and the Process
Types of Construction Materials
Relationship Between the Process and Construction Materials
Construction Materials and Quality of the Product
Chapter 8: Scale-up - Scale-down
What Causes the Problem?
The Objectives of the Pilot Plant
Verification of Process' Feasibility and Locating "Traps"
Determining Basic Items of Equipment
Optimization and Determination of Parameters
Safety
Supplying Commercial Samples
Additional Aims
Where Does Laboratory End and Pilot Plant Begin?
Chapter 9: Work-up
Elements of Work-Up
Separation - of What?
General Guidelines to Work-Up
Appendix 1:
Classes of Separation Processes
Chapter 10: Environmental Impact of Processes and Products
The Problem and the Dilemma
Prevention of Air Pollution
Prevention of Water Pollution
Handling of Solid Wastes
Waste Minimization in Existing Processes
Waste Minimization in the Development of a New Product/Process
All That is Not Product is Waste
Sources of Wastes in a Chemical Process
Chapter 11: Safety and Regulations
The Evolution of Awareness
Concepts
General Concepts
Toxicity
Flammability
Static Electricity
Explosivity
Corrosiveness
Regulatory Organizations
Occupational Safety and Health
Environmental Protection
Transportation
Fire Protection
Food and Drugs
OECD
Introduction of New Chemical Substances
Risk Groups and Criteria for Classification
The DOT, IMDG, IATA Classification Systems
The NFPA System
European R&S Phrases
Documentation
Safety Considerations in Developing a Process
Chemical Process Hazard
Safety of Different Reaction Types
Choosing a Chemical Procedure
Water - Friend or Foe?
Impurities - A Sign of Warning
Incompatibility
Appendix 1: EEC Minimum Premanufacturing Data SetAppendix 2: IMDG and IATA Criteria for Classification of Hazards of Chemicals
Appendix 3: The DOT Classification System
Appendix 4: The NFPA Coding System
Appendix 5: Incompatible Chemicals
Chapter 12: Patents
Protection of Intellectual Property
A Contract Between Inventor and Society
A Patentable Invention
From the History of the Patent System
Procedure
The Patent Document
Who is the Inventor?
Patent Ownership
The Description and Language of the Patent Claims
Patents as a Source of Information
Market-Pull or Technology-Push
A Small World
Chapter 13: Information
The Need for Information for Industrial Development
Technical/Scientific Information
Commercial Information for R&D
Periodicals
Computerized Data Bases
Government and Other Publications
Encyclopedias
Intelligence